Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.
Note: This information is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition.
What is Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)?
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by ongoing patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. ADHD is not simply about being unable to sit still or pay attention—it can significantly impact academic performance, work productivity, relationships, and overall quality of life. While ADHD is often diagnosed in childhood, many people are not diagnosed until adulthood, and the condition frequently persists throughout the lifespan.
Common Symptoms
ADHD symptoms fall into two main categories: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Some individuals primarily exhibit symptoms from one category, while others have symptoms from both.
- Difficulty paying close attention to details or making careless mistakes
- Trouble sustaining attention during tasks or activities
- Not seeming to listen when spoken to directly
- Difficulty following through on instructions and failing to finish tasks
- Trouble organizing tasks and activities
- Avoidance of tasks that require sustained mental effort
- Frequently losing items necessary for tasks or activities
- Being easily distracted by external stimuli
- Forgetfulness in daily activities
- Fidgeting or tapping hands/feet, squirming in seat
- Leaving seat when remaining seated is expected
- Running or climbing in inappropriate situations (in adults, may be restlessness)
- Difficulty engaging in leisure activities quietly
- Being 'on the go,' acting as if 'driven by a motor'
- Talking excessively
- Blurting out answers before questions are completed
- Difficulty waiting one's turn
- Interrupting or intruding on others
Causes and Risk Factors
ADHD has a strong genetic component and is influenced by a variety of factors including genetics, brain structure and function, environmental factors during pregnancy and early childhood, and possibly certain environmental toxins. ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, too much sugar, or too much screen time, although these factors might worsen symptoms in some individuals.
Common Treatment Approaches
ADHD is highly treatable, and many effective interventions are available. Treatment typically involves a multimodal approach that may include medication, behavioral therapy, lifestyle changes, and educational or workplace accommodations.
Therapy Options
Behavioral therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can help individuals with ADHD develop skills to manage their symptoms. For children, behavior therapy often involves parent training to help parents develop skills to guide their child's behavior. Psychoeducation, social skills training, and organizational skills training can also be beneficial.
Medication Options
Medications can be very effective in managing ADHD symptoms. Stimulant medications (such as methylphenidate and amphetamine-based medications) are the most commonly prescribed and most effective medications for ADHD. Non-stimulant medications (like atomoxetine, guanfacine, and clonidine) are also available and may be appropriate for some individuals.
Self-Care Strategies
In addition to professional treatment, certain lifestyle changes and self-care practices may help manage ADHD symptoms:
- Creating structure and routine
- Using calendars, planners, and reminder systems
- Breaking large tasks into smaller, manageable steps
- Minimizing distractions in the environment
- Regular physical exercise
- Adequate sleep
- Healthy, balanced diet
- Mindfulness and relaxation techniques
- Seeking social support
When to Seek Professional Help
If you or your child are experiencing symptoms of ADHD that are interfering with daily functioning at school, work, or in relationships, it's important to seek evaluation from a healthcare provider. A comprehensive evaluation by a qualified professional is necessary for an accurate diagnosis, as many other conditions can present with similar symptoms.
Quick Facts
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ADHD affects approximately 8.4% of children and 2.5% of adults worldwide.
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ADHD is more commonly diagnosed in males than females, though this may be partly due to differences in how symptoms present.
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Many adults with ADHD were not diagnosed in childhood, especially those with predominantly inattentive symptoms.
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ADHD often co-occurs with other conditions such as learning disabilities, anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorder.
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With appropriate treatment and support, individuals with ADHD can lead successful, fulfilling lives.
Related Conditions
Resources
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